Whenever you lap something with a dissimilar material, the lapping, polishing, or grinding compound will always embed itself into the softer of the two materials. This is often referred to as "charging". The early settlers learned of this in the cross country wagon trains. They would grease the wooden hubs of their wagon wheels where they attached to the iron axle. They soon found out as the grease picked up dust from the trail it literally became grinding compound that quickly became embedded into the wooden hubs of the wagon. After a time this combination had no trouble cutting right through a solid iron wagon axle. They had no good way back then of sealing the hub from outside contaminants.
This is the reason you always lap or polish something with a softer material than the surface you are trying to polish. Conventional brass barrel laps wear at a ratio of over 10 to 1 when hard materials are being lapped or polished. My guess is the sacrificial cartridge case would wear long before it managed to polish a chamber out of round, or even change the dimensions of it. Most people have no idea how long it takes to remove even .001 from a diameter using a ultra fine polishing compound like Flitz. Your drills batteries would die long before you damaged anything. I spent close to an hour polishing the barrel throat on my Baby Desert Eagle .45 ACP with a felt wheel and Flitz before I got the desired result. Bill T.
That's absolutely true, but I've been paying the bills for 25 years by shaping, forming, deburring and polishing metal, I've got a pretty good idea.
Another thing you want to be careful of is gauging the bore with the end of what ever you use.