The good news/bad news here is that whiteness is and always has been the standard for being American. The fact is though that being white has steadily expanded. Initially it only meant English and Scots and Welsh. Irish were treated (and oddly depicted in cartoons) as being black. Franklin hated Germans, and was not alone. The Italians were not considered white, even by law. There was a case, Roberts vs Louisiana (I want to say 1927 but thereabouts) where a black guy was given 5 years hard labor for marrying a white woman (prop 8 version 1.0). His lawyer appealed. The La. court of appeals set him free on the grounds that his wife was "Sicilian and therefore not definatively white". In fact, the term Guinea applied to Italians referred to them as being from Africa. THere is a whole seies of court cases called the Prerequisite cases, where the SCOTUS determined who was and was not white and could legally immigrate as only whites, and after the 14th ammendment Africans could (oddly there were few takers). Armeinians yes, Syrians no, Japanes no. As far as Mexicans they were declared white by law, though not in practice, by the treaty of Gudalupe Hidalgo. Interesting thing though. There was a murder case in California in the 1850s. By law Chinese couldn't testify against a white man. The witness in the case was a Mexican. The defese lawyer argued that since Mexicans were part Indian, and since the Indians were of Asiatic extraction, the man was really Chinese, and therefore couldn' testify. Laugh, but it made it to a California appeals court. Jews weren't really considered white until the 1970s. This is changing for the better with blacks being the slowest to be accepted but getting there. To me the test is who you can bring home to the folks and say you're dating and that is expanding daily.
FQ13